The ionosphere is that part of the Earth's atmosphere that results mainly from the photo ionization of the upper atmosphere. Traditionally, the following ionospheric regions and...

Ionospheric Parameters such as FoF2, FoF1, FoE derrived from hand scaling of analog Ionograms

The oblique incidence sweep-frequency ionospheric sounding technique uses the same principle of operation as the vertical incidence sounder. The primary difference is that the...

All the data contributed come from 1957 through 1990. They have been digitized, reformatted, converted to universal time (the software also can display the data in local...

Ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) is the total number of electrons in a column of unit cross section extending from the transmitter to the receiver. TEC is calculated...